Joseph P.<p><span class="h-card"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/explainpaper" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">@<span>explainpaper</span></a></span></p><p>Tumoral Immune Cell Exploitation in Colorectal Cancer Metastases Can Be Targeted Effectively by Anti-CCR5 Therapy in Cancer Patients</p><p>Niels Halama, Inka Zoernig, Anna Berthel, Christoph Kahlert, Fee Klupp, Meggy Suarez-Carmona,Thomas Suetterlin, Karsten Brand, Juergen Krauss, Felix Lasitschka, Tina Lerchl, Claudia Luckner-Minden, Alexis Ulrich, Moritz Koch, Juergen Weitz, Martin Schneider, Markus W. Buechler, Laurence Zitvogel,<br>Thomas Herrmann, Axel Benner, Christina Kunz, Stephan Luecke, Christoph Springfeld, Niels Grabe, Christine S. Falk, and Dirk Jaeger</p><p>Targeting Tumor-Promoting Microenvironment Through CCR5 Blockade in <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/Colorectal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Colorectal</span></a> <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/Cancer" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Cancer</span></a> <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/Liver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Liver</span></a> Metastases</p><p><a href="https://qoto.org/tags/Cancer" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>Cancer</span></a> progression is a process in which cancer cells and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/immune" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>immune</span></a> cells interact with each other in a way that can lead to the growth and spread of cancer. In <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/colorectal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>colorectal</span></a> cancer, when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, it is called <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/metastasis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>metastasis</span></a> and it is very difficult to treat. Treatments such as PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/chemokine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>chemokine</span></a> modulation have been successful in modifying the interactions between the immune system and cancer, leading to the rejection or suppression of progression. Cancer cells can also alter the immune microenvironment, leading to <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/immunosuppression" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>immunosuppression</span></a> and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/immune" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>immune</span></a> evasion. In this research paper, the authors studied the microenvironment in <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CRC" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CRC</span></a> <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/liver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>liver</span></a> metastases and identified a network of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a> cells and immune cells that exploit the CCL5-CCR5 axis. They then investigated and characterized the effects of blocking the CCL5-CCR5 axis.</p><p>the microenvironment of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/liver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>liver</span></a> metastases of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/colorectal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>colorectal</span></a> cancer (<a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CRC" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CRC</span></a>). </p><p>the environment induces migration of T lymphocytes, which produce a <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cytokine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cytokine</span></a> called CCL5. This CCL5 then supports tumor growth and spread by influencing macrophages and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a> cells. The environment is immunosuppressive and the tumor cells are exploiting the host's <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/immune" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>immune</span></a> cells to their advantage. In other words, the tumor cells are using the host's immune cells to help them grow and spread.</p><p>the effects of CCR5 blockade on the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tissue" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tissue</span></a> level. </p><p>Tumor <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cell" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cell</span></a> death and a specific pattern of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cytokine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cytokine</span></a> and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/chemokine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>chemokine</span></a> modulation are observed in the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/ExplantModel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ExplantModel</span></a> and in <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a> biopsies from a <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/ClinicalTrial" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClinicalTrial</span></a>. Macrophages are the key for these anti-tumoral effects, as they produce IFNs and reactive oxygen species which cause tumor cell death. <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CCR5" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CCR5</span></a> blockade induces a phenotypic shift in the macrophages, which is referred to as a switch from an M2 to an M1 phenotype. This repolarization also reduces levels of CD163+ cells, reshaping the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/myeloid" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>myeloid</span></a> cell composition in the microenvironment. The influx of new effector cells due to CCR5 inhibition can shift the effects of CCL5 towards beneficial effects, such as reduction of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/immunosuppression" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>immunosuppression</span></a> , <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/angiogenesis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>angiogenesis</span></a>, and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/chemotherapy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>chemotherapy</span></a> resistance.</p><p>The microenvironment of the invasive margin of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/liver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>liver</span></a> metastases. </p><p>There was no relevant Th1, Th2, or Th17 <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cytokine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cytokine</span></a> signature present in any of the samples. However, the authors did find that <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/chemokines" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>chemokines</span></a> and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/macrophage" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>macrophage</span></a>-related cytokines were significantly increased at the invasive margin. Chemokines are molecules that help to attract <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/immune" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>immune</span></a> cells to the area, and macrophage-related cytokines are molecules that help to regulate the activity of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/macrophages" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>macrophages</span></a>, which are a type of immune cell. 98% of the CD3+ <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/lymphocyte" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>lymphocyte</span></a> s in the resection specimens were positive for PD-1, which is a molecule that helps to regulate the activity of the immune system.</p><p><a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CCL5" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CCL5</span></a> is a protein produced by T cells, which are a type of white blood cell. <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CCR5" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CCR5</span></a> is a receptor found on metastatic tumor cells, which are cancer cells that have spread from the primary <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a> to other parts of the body. In this research paper, it was found that CCL5 has <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/pleiotropic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>pleiotropic</span></a> tumor-promoting effects on <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a> cells and tumor-associated <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/macrophage" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>macrophage</span></a> s. This means that CCL5 has multiple effects on both the cancer cells and the macrophages, which are a type of white <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/blood" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>blood</span></a> <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cell" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cell</span></a>, that are associated with the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a>. CCL5 was produced mainly by T cells located at the invasive margin and <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/peritumoral" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>peritumoral</span></a> stroma of metastases, and that CCR5 was dominantly expressed by metastatic tumor cells. CCL5 also had effects on tumor <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CellProliferation" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CellProliferation</span></a>, invasive tumor <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CellBehavior" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CellBehavior</span></a>, and increased production of matrix <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/metalloproteinas" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>metalloproteinas</span></a> es by tumor-associated macrophages. Finally, they found that CCR5 inhibition had an effect on key molecules of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/epithelial" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>epithelial</span></a> to <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/mesenchymal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>mesenchymal</span></a> transition ( <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/EMT" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>EMT</span></a> ).</p><p>The researchers wanted to test the effects of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CCR5" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CCR5</span></a> blockade, which is a way of blocking the CCR5 receptor on cells, using a drug called maraviroc. They used human <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a> <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/explantmodel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>explantmodel</span></a> s, which are samples of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tissue" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tissue</span></a> from advanced <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CRC" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CRC</span></a> patients with <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/liver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>liver</span></a> metastases. Maraviroc led to morphologically overt tumor <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CellDeath" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CellDeath</span></a> in the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/explants" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>explants</span></a>, which means that the tumor cells died and changed in appearance. The researchers then tested the hypothesis that <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/macrophage" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>macrophage</span></a> s, (type of white blood cell), were required for the tumor cell death-inducing effects of CCR5 blockade. They used clodronate <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/liposome" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>liposome</span></a> s to deplete CD163+ TAMs, ( <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/macrophage" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>macrophage</span></a> s associated with tumors) and found that combining clodronate with CCR5 inhibition abrogated the immediate tumor cell death-inducing effects of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/CCR5" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>CCR5</span></a> inhibition. This confirmed the role of macrophages in this process. IFN-g induced stromal CD163+ <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/macrophage" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>macrophage</span></a> <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cell" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cell</span></a> death and led to a reconfiguration of the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/myeloid" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>myeloid</span></a> cell compartment. Inhibition of macrophage-derived reactive oxygen species could partially block the anti-tumoral effects of CCR5 inhibition. Finally, they tested the effects of CCL5/CCR5 inhibition and found that both a CCL5 neutralizing antibody and a CCR5 blocking <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/antibody" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>antibody</span></a> had similar functional effects to maraviroc.</p><p>A <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/ClinicalTrial" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClinicalTrial</span></a> (MARACON) was conducted to test the effects of a drug called maraviroc on patients with advanced-stage <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/metastatic" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>metastatic</span></a> colorectal <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cancer" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cancer</span></a>. The <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/trial" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>trial</span></a> involved taking biopsies of the patients before and after treatment with maraviroc, and the results showed that the drug had beneficial effects on the tumor-promoting <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/microenvironment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>microenvironment</span></a> and led to objective clinical responses. These responses included induction of central <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/TumorNecrosis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>TumorNecrosis</span></a>, reduction of tumor cell death, and reduction of key <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cytokine" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cytokine</span></a> s and growth factors that promote tumor growth. The drug was also found to be very well tolerated, with mild elevation of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/liver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>liver</span></a> enzymes being the most common side effect. Finally, the trial showed that partial responses were achieved in patients with previously refractory disease.</p><p>CCR5 blockade, is a type of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/therapy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>therapy</span></a> used to treat <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/cancer" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>cancer</span></a>. </p><p>The MARACON clinical trial, showed that CCR5 blockade had a positive effect on the tumor microenvironment and led to a higher response rate in subsequent chemotherapies. The authors suggest that this effect is not limited to the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/liver" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>liver</span></a> metastases, but is a systemic feature. They also suggest that the local presence of multiple layers of <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/immune" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>immune</span></a> subversion in cancers depends on the individual tissue, <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/treatment" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>treatment</span></a>, tumor type, and the difference between primary <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/tumor" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>tumor</span></a> and metastatic lesion. The authors also found that the results of the <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/ClinicalTrial" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ClinicalTrial</span></a> were in line with the results of a fully human organotypic tumor <a href="https://qoto.org/tags/ExplantModel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">#<span>ExplantModel</span></a>, which is a simple model with a straightforward approach. The authors also note that the survival data from the trial is not conclusive due to the limited number of patients, but that the objective treatment responses are very encouraging. They suggest that CCR5 blockade may be a promising approach and needs to be evaluated further scientifically and clinically.</p>